Russia has turned increasingly to blackmail and financial incentives to hire Germans to spy for it after the blow dealt to its intelligence services by Europe’s expulsion of some 600 Russian diplomats, Germany’s domestic security service said.

The Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV) said Russian intelligence services were spending big to recruit agents in Germany despite western attempts to limit their operations since Moscow’s invasion of Ukraine. “Russia is working hard to compensate for the German government’s reduction in the number of Russian agents in Germany,” BfV chief Thomas Haldenwang told a news conference upon presenting the agency’s annual report.

Two German citizens who were charged last August with high treason for spying for Russia had each been paid an estimated €400,000 for their services, the BfV said.

“The agent fees show that Russia’s services continue to have enormous financial resources with which to pursue their intelligence goals,” it added in the report.

Particularly at risk of being targeted by Russian security services were Germans who lived in Russia or regularly travelled there, including German diplomats, who could easily be made vulnerable to blackmail attempts.

“As soon as they have compromising information about their targets, these services are not shy about employing aggressive recruitment techniques,” they added. Nato reaffirmed this month its concerns about Russian espionage and called for tougher action in response to what it said was a campaign of hostile activities.