Beijing sees forces bent on weakening it everywhere: embedded in multinational companies, infiltrating social media, circling naïve students. And it wants its people to see them, too.

Chinese universities require faculty to take courses on protecting state secrets, even in departments like veterinary medicine. A kindergarten in the eastern city of Tianjin organised a meeting to teach staffers how to “understand and use” China’s anti-espionage law.

China’s ministry of state security, a usually covert department that oversees the secret police and intelligence services, has even opened its first social media account, as part of what official news media described as an effort at increasing public engagement. Its first post: a call for a “whole of society mobilisation” against espionage.

“The participation of the masses,” the post said, should be “normalised.”

China’s ruling Communist Party is enlisting ordinary people to guard against perceived threats to the country, in a campaign that blurs the line between vigilance and paranoia. The country’s economy is facing its worst slowdown in years, but China’s authoritarian leader, Xi Jinping, appears more fixated on national security and preventing threats to the party’s control.

“We must be prepared for worst-case and extreme scenarios,” Xi told China’s National Security Commission in May. He called on officials to “enhance real-time monitoring” and “get prepared for actual combat”.

The sense of urgency may be heightened by the fact that Beijing is confronting some of its biggest challenges since Xi’s ascension more than a decade ago. Beyond the economic gloom, China’s relations with the West are increasingly tense. And unexplained personnel changes at the highest tiers of power — including the sudden removal in July of China’s foreign minister and two high-ranking generals — suggest that Xi may have feared threats to his control.

“The push reflects the profound legitimacy challenges and crisis that the regime is facing,” said Chen Jian, a professor of modern Chinese history at New York University. Chen said the call to mass action bore echoes of the sweeping campaigns that Mao Zedong unleashed in part to consolidate his own power. The most notable was the Cultural Revolution, a decadelong period of chaos and bloodshed when Chinese leaders urged people to report on their teachers, neighbours or even families as “counterrevolutionaries”.

Chinese society would not be as easily stirred into a mob frenzy now, given how the country has modernised, Chen noted. And China does have grounds for wariness: CIA director William Burns said recently that the US was rebuilding its spy network in China.

Nor is China alone in adopting increasingly dire warnings about foreign influence. Some have warned that Washington is fanning a new Red Scare, such as through the Justice Department’s now-scrapped China Initiative targeting academics. The US and other western countries are also working to restrict access to TikTok, the Chinese-owned short video app, citing security concerns.

But China’s approach stands out for its scale and ubiquity.

On high-speed trains, a video on loop warns passengers to be careful when taking photos for social media, in case they capture sensitive information. In government offices where residents file routine paperwork, posters remind them to “build a people’s defensive line.”

One local government in Yunnan province published a video of men and women in the traditional dress of the Yi, an ethnic group there, dancing and singing cheerily about China’s national security law.

“Those who don’t report will be prosecuted. Covering crimes will lead to jail,” the performers sang as they fanned out in a circle, the women fluttering their bright yellow, blue and red skirts.

Other forms of anti-espionage education are more formal. The National Administration of State Secrets Protection runs an app with an online course on secret-keeping, which many universities and companies have ordered their staff to complete. The first lesson opens with a quotation from Mao on the importance of confidentiality; a later one warns that iPhones and Android devices are foreign products and may be vulnerable to manipulation.

Even groups that seem to have little to do with national security have been recruited. A sports education department at a university in Shandong province ordered faculty to take the online course; so did a college of veterinary medicine in the city of Guangzhou.

One hotel, in the seaside city of Yantai, usually advertises beach getaways and dinner deals in its social media posts. But last October, it published an infographic about the groups the security ministry had deemed most at risk of co-optation by foreign enemies. They included people who had studied abroad and “young Internet users”.

Young Chinese are an area of particular concern, especially after widespread protests last year against China’s harsh Covid restrictions. Some participants were college students who had been locked down on their campuses for months. And now many young people face a spate of other problems, including record unemployment.

But authorities have attributed discontent to outside instigators. After last year’s protests, a Chinese official said attendees had been “bought by external forces”.

Part of the authorities’ solution is teaching young people to be more on guard. Xi has called for expanding national security education, and universities have created squads of students tasked with reporting people who, among other things, use overseas websites.

But the constant exhortations also remind students that they, too, are being watched. University students in Beijing have been questioned by police or administrators for exchanging messages with New York Times journalists — in at least two cases, before any article had been published.

Perhaps the central effect — or goal — of the campaign has been to make even the slightest connection to foreigners grounds for suspicion. That has extended to cultural fields where exchange has historically been richest. Some academics have stopped meeting with foreigners. Venues across China have cancelled performances by foreign musicians.

Some Chinese have reacted sceptically to the call for constant vigilance.

When an airport in Hunan province recently banned Teslas from its parking lots, arguing the American company’s cars could be used for spying, some social media commenters asked whether Boeing jets should be banned too. Even Hu Xijin, the retired editor of Global Times, a nationalist party tabloid, wrote online that it was worrisome that academics he knew were avoiding foreigners.

But officials have brushed off concerns. In an editorial about the call for mass mobilisation, Global Times said it was critics who were the paranoid ones.

“If you haven’t done anything wrong,” it said, “why are you so scared?”

The New York Times News Service