A death from cholera occurred on board the ship Warren Hastings on September 7, 1818, noted James Kennedy of the Royal College of Surgeons in London in his book The History of Contagious Cholera (1831), which studied the spread of the disease through British seamen.

He also gave the example of the ship Carnatic, which in 1830 had sailed from Madras with crew members who had recovered from cholera. But the disease broke out on the ship and several former victims were afflicted again. Kennedy was drawn towards concluding that the cholera pathogen, which was till then felt to be the result of miasma produced from animal or plant discharges, had been transmitted through the human body to break out as a disease mid-ocean.

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