Professor Krishna Achuta of the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi does not buy that El Niño is the cause of heat waves. He says, “Just like this year, last year the heat wave extended from parts of India to Bangladesh and Myanmar, and all the way to Thailand. This year it went further east, into the Philippines. So, it’s the same pattern.” This is a burning question, not just for South Asia and Southeast Asia but the entire world. A heat wave is a random phenomenon that comes and goes in certain seasons for a period of some days. Climate feedback is forever.
April to June is always the hottest time in South Asia; but now it’s breaking all bounds. The average global temperature for each of the past 11 months has been the hottest the world has ever experienced in that month. Obviously something big is happening, but what? Is it just a big El Niño, a heating of the surface waters of the eastern Pacific that happens every two to seven years? That would be nice as it would mean it’s cyclical and will go away in due course. Or does it confirm the claim made by the climate scientist, Jim Hansen, that the average global temperature is going to jump half a degree Celsius? He says that new rules on pollution are cutting back hard on the sulphur dioxide emissions that used to reflect a lot of incoming sunlight back into space and therefore cool the planet.
Or have we triggered a big feedback in some natural system that we were not aware of? There are about a dozen potential tipping points that we do know about — the collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the melting of the permafrost, a switch from rainforest to savannah in the Amazon, and others we don’t know about yet. So which is it? It’s very unlikely to be El Niño because this one was not strong. Besides, it peaked in December and has been fading ever since, while global temperatures go on breaking records.
Jim Hansen’s proposed explanation is a contender, because the ‘brown clouds’ that used to hang over big Chinese cities and the ‘ship track’ clouds from the exhaust gases of 60,000 giant tankers and container ships did reflect enough sunlight to have a significant cooling effect. Cleaning up those emissions was bound to drive up the temperature. Alas, the dates don’t match. The emissions from Chinese factories and ocean-going ships were reduced over a period of about 15 years, whereas the ‘non-linear’ jump in average global temperature began just a year ago. Moreover, some scientists doubt that the amount of cooling that was lost is big enough to explain the scale of the heating. I say ‘alas’ as this leaves us with the least desirable explanation: the sudden activation of an unknown feedback. The heating that human beings have already caused carries us across a ‘tipping point’ we cannot see, and that unleashes a feedback: warming from non-human sources that we cannot turn off.
The likeliest candidate for a new mystery feedback is the world’s oceans. Since we began burning fossil fuels two centuries ago, they have absorbed around a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans emitted. More importantly, they have soaked up around 90% of the excess heat. Now they may be giving some of it back. In the past 13 months, the average daily sea surface temperature worldwide has soared. According to the European Union’s Copernicus Climate Service, it is now at an all-time high of 21.09° Celsius.
There was not enough data about the behaviour of the deep ocean currents to put the ocean heat sink on most climate scientists’ list of potential feedbacks. However, many always feared there would be a limit to how much heat the oceans could contain over the long run. We may be about to find out where the limit is, and it could be the Mother of All Feedbacks. Or maybe it will turn out to be a false alarm. The fact that we don’t even know which it will be yet illustrates the depth of our ignorance, and the scale of our peril.
