Expectations for India’s economic growth are being revised sharply lower as a surge in people losing jobs and defaulting on debt suggest a more uncertain recovery from the financial shock of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Economists are downgrading their estimates as a range of data from the rate of cheques bouncing to the amount of mortgaged gold jewellery up for sale — shows the extent of the economic damage from a devastating second wave of the disease.

Some observers also fear the psychological blow from the virus disaster that ripped through India this year killing tens of thousands of people will leave consumers reluctant to spend.

The Indian government is sticking with a forecast that the economy will grow 10.5 per cent in the fiscal year that started on April 1, but on Tuesday the State Bank of India — the country’s largest lender — slashed its growth forecast to 7.9 per cent from 10.4 per cent. Several international banks such as Barclays and UBS have also cut back their predictions.

After a -7.3 per cent contraction in 2020-21 — the sharpest ever recorded by India — the relatively muted recovery puts India at odds with countries like the US and China that are seeing a swift rebound as they emerge from the pandemic. It suggests deeper damage has been done to an economy worth around $2.9 trillion before the crisis hit.

The knock-on effects of sub-par growth on a rapidly developing economy like India could be significant. “GDP growth of less than 10 per cent will be a — I won’t use the word disaster, but it will not be very beautiful,” SBI’s chief economist Soumya Kanti Ghosh told Reuters after lowering his forecast.

The situation has exacerbated unemployment that touched a 12-month high of 11.9 per cent in May from 7.97 per cent in April, according to data from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy. Rural unemployment that normally hovers around 6-7 per cent also hit double digit levels in May, according to the privately owned firm.

Last year, India announced a $266 billion package to support the economy during a strict nationwide lockdown to contain the first coronavirus wave. But this was largely liquidity support given to banks to boost company credit, with less than a tenth of the sum used for welfare programmes for the poorest in the country.

India did not launch job support schemes on the scale of those seen in some developed economies and the government has not announced a major stimulus package since the second wave hit.

Surging unemployment coupled with state lockdowns, a large increase in hospitalisations and fatalities amid the second wave and fear of a third wave, are prompting many people to cut spending.

Sales of goods including grocery, footwear, apparel and beauty products fell 49 per cent in April, according to the Retail Association of India, whose head Kumar Rajagopalan anticipates a bigger decline in May.

Meanwhile, sales of cars and motorcycles fell 30 per cent in April over March and are expected to slump by over 60 per cent in May as automakers including Maruti Suzuki and Hero MotoCorp halted production for several days amid rising infections. Dealerships remain closed.

While car sales bounced back after the first wave last year it was not on a scale seen elsewhere and the recovery was brief.

In many other economies demand for big-ticket purchases soared when pent-up demand was released, with new car sales in Europe jumping 256 per cent year-on-year in April.

Shashank Srivastava, executive director at Maruti Suzuki, India’s biggest carmaker, pointed to a deep psychological impact from the second virus wave as the surge in deaths and hospitalisations caused distress and fear among people.

“Cars are a discretionary purchase that require people to be in a good frame of mind,” he said.

Defaults rising

One of India’s largest gold-financing companies, Manappuram Finance, auctioned gold worth about $55 million in the January-March quarter compared with $1.1 million in the preceding three quarters combined.

The sales are being driven by rising defaults on mortgages secured on families’ gold jewellery which is typically passed on from generation to generation, a sign of long-term economic stress, experts say.

Another warning sign is a rise in cheque bounces, which typically occur when there are insufficient funds in an individual’s account to meet deductions for loan payments or settlement of credit card bills.

In May, the cheque bounce rate for loan payments doubled to 21 per cent from a year ago, while for credit cards it rose to 18 per cent from 10 per cent, according to data from Creditas Solutions, a fintech company involved in digital loan collections and recoveries.

HDFC Bank, the country’s largest private bank, warned of further delinquencies in the coming months in the retail segment, which includes loans given to individuals for personal use.

Highlighting the level of uncertainty in the financial sector, HDFC Bank’s CEO Sashidhar Jagdishan said on an investor call that for the “first time in so many years we may not have a grip of what is happening”.

According to a survey conducted by Indian polling agency CVOTER, living standards of a large number of people have sharply fallen and most people do not see “any ray of hope in the coming 12 months”.

CVOTER’s head Yashwant Deshmukh told Reuters people are going to hold back on buying a plethora of goods including cars and instead spend on insurance products and online skill development courses to make themselves more employable.

“Nobody’s going to splurge,” he said.