More than 250,000 people were evicted across India during the coronavirus pandemic, and millions more are at risk of being uprooted as authorities eye projects for faster economic growth, housing rights campaigners warned on Thursday.

From March 2020 to July 2021, authorities demolished more than 43,000 homes and evicted about 21 people every hour, according to the Housing and Land Rights Network (HLRN), an advocacy group in Delhi.

In nearly all the cases, the officials failed to follow due process, including giving sufficient notice, and a majority of those evicted did not receive compensation from the government, the HLRN said in an annual report.

“During this lethal ÿpandemic — when people are struggling greatly to survive — acts of eviction and demolition of housing have contributed to a grave human rights and humanitarian crisis,” said Shivani Chaudhry, HLRN executive director.

“At a time when people were ordered to stay at home, authorities resorted to unlawful demolitions, probably taking advantage of curfew-like conditions when movement of people and access to remedy, including courts, was limited.”

There is no official data on evictions in India.

In Delhi, where thousands were uprooted over the past year, authorities only demolished “illegal encroachments”, said Amrish Kumar, a director of the land management unit at the Delhi Development Authority, a federal government agency.

“They were on government land, which is meant for public purposes,” he told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.

Kumar added: “Some of the informal settlements were eligible for resettlement and rehabilitation, but not all — and they were dealt with according to due process.”

The world over, homeless people and those living in slums have borne the brunt of restrictions to contain the coronavirus and are at heightened risk of infection because of their dire living conditions, housing experts said.

Human rights experts at the United Nations in July appealed to the Indian government to end evictions during the pandemic.

More than 4 million people in India are homeless, according to official data, with about 75 million living in slums and informal settlements in urban areas.

The Indian government’s Housing for All plan aims to create 20 million urban homes and 30 million rural homes by 2022. But implementation has been slow, and activists say it does not address the issue of homelessness.

Nearly 16 million people are at risk of being evicted and displaced, according to the HLRN, including about 2 million whose claims to forestland have been rejected.

Last year alone, more than 170,000 people were removed from their homes, it said, compared with about 107,000 people the previous year.

Nearly half were uprooted for environmental projects, while infrastructure and city beautification schemes made up most of the remainder.

Court orders

Many evictions were carried out on court orders, including orders from India’s top court, even though several courts directed authorities not to demolish homes during the pandemic.

More than 100 cases related to evictions or rehabilitation are pending with Delhi High Court, said Anupradha Singh at the non-profit Human Rights Law Network, which represents slum dwellers in several cases.

“Court orders make it easier to carry out evictions, and slum dwellers often have no legal recourse,” she said.

“Court orders for eviction during the pandemic are particularly grievous, as these people have already lost their livelihoods, and to lose their homes on top of that is a failure of the courts to recognise their right to housing.”