Although the woman in her 50s had been effectively treated for depression, she remained plagued by symptoms that often accompany it: fatigue, sleepiness and lethargy, even though she thought she was getting enough sleep.
With depression no longer causing her persistent symptoms, her psychiatrist advised her to consult a sleep specialist.
Sure enough, a night in the sleep lab at the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, US, revealed that while the woman was supposedly asleep, she experienced micro-awakenings about 18 times an hour, resulting in sleep that restored neither body nor brain. All night long, she would stop breathing for more than 10 seconds at a time, followed by a mini-arousal and a snore as she gasped for breath to raise the depleted oxygen level in her blood.
Diagnosis: Obstructive sleep apnoea, an increasingly common yet often missed or untreated condition that can result in poor quality of life, a risk of developing heart disease, stroke, diabetes and even cancer, and perhaps most important of all, a threefold increased risk of often-fatal motor vehicle accidents.
Obstructive sleep apnoea afflicts about nine per cent of women and 24 per cent of men, most of them middle-aged or older, yet as many as nine in 10 adults with this treatable condition remain undiagnosed, according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.
The condition is on the rise because the most frequent cause is obesity. Sleep apnoea afflicts more than two people in five who have a body mass index of more than 30, and three in five adults with metabolic syndrome, Dr Sigrid C. Veasey and Dr Ilene M. Rosen wrote in The New England Journal of Medicine.
Although sleep apnoea occasionally affects slender folks who may, for example, have a small jaw or large tongue, in overweight people, excess fatty tissue in the tongue and throat can block the airway when throat muscles relax during sleep. This is most likely to happen when people sleep on their backs.
Weight loss helps but may not always correct the problem. Rosen told me of a man in his 40s who had been treated for congestive heart failure and lost 18kg. Still, he remained tired all the time, and his wife said he snored so loudly she had to wear earplugs at night. Then she read about sleep apnoea in a magazine and insisted he visit the sleep lab, where an overnight study showed his breathing was disrupted 45 times an hour, causing his blood’s oxygen level at night to drop to 65 per cent of normal.
This man’s story prompted me to ask Veasey, “What about those of us without a bed partner? How might we know if we have obstructive sleep apnoea?”
She replied, “There’s a constellation of symptoms, starting with unrestorative sleep no matter how long you sleep. Even if you try to sleep more on weekends, you still wake up feeling unrefreshed. The fractured sleep results in feeling like you’ve stayed up all night.”
Then she added a list of other clues. Perhaps most telling: You are sleepy during the day, especially when you’re sedentary. Take notice if you fall asleep within 10 minutes at a movie, play or concert or when watching TV. You get up four or more times a night to urinate (men, it may not be your prostate!). You wake up in the morning with a very dry mouth or a headache. You’re moody, irritable and have difficulty concentrating. Your reaction time and speed at performing tasks slows as if you are five years older than you really are.
Sleep apnoea can be effectively treated with a nighttime device called CPAP, for continuous positive airway pressure, a machine that provides constant positive pressure when the sleeper breathes in and out. It uses a mask that must be properly applied to form a tight seal around the nose and mouth.
Unfortunately, many who could benefit from CPAP fail to use it consistently. Many find the device cumbersome. Yet, about one-third of consistent users say it has completely transformed their lives. They are now unwilling to go anywhere without it because they feel so much better with it, Veasey said. One of her patients even bought a generator so he could use it on his vacation in the Amazon. Rosen’s patient also got a CPAP machine, which improved not only his own life but also his wife’s, who was now able to get a full night’s uninterrupted sleep.
Another option is a hypoglossal nerve stimulator that is surgically implanted to move the tongue forward and keep the airway open during sleep. Others include a splint in the mouth to push the lower jaw forward, and inserting tennis balls into the backs of pajamas to discourage patients from sleeping on their backs.
For those who need it, weight loss is important even if a CPAP is used. More than half of overweight people with mild sleep apnoea get better with a loss of only 9kg. But doctors warned against using substances like alcohol, benzodiazepines and opioids that can make apnoea even worse.
