Jodi Wellman was devastated when her mother died of a heart attack at age 58. Cleaning out her apartment made her feel even worse. Drawers and closets overflowed with abandoned projects: unpublished manuscripts and business cards for ventures that had never gotten started.
“My mom was a wake-up call for me,” Wellman said. “She had these dreams that she didn’t act on.”
At the time, Wellman was in her early 30s, living in Chicago in the US and working her way up the corporate rungs at a fitness club chain. But over the course of five years, that work began to feel empty.
Determined not to stagnate like her mother, Wellman quit her job to become an executive coach, eventually entering a master’s degree programme in positive psychology. There, she developed a strategy for living fully: think about death, a lot.
Now also a speaker and the author of You Only Die Once, Wellman, 48, believes that focusing on how short life is makes you less likely to squander it. To help her clients figure out how to spend their limited time, she asks them dozens of questions, organised by life phase — things such as what activities made them happiest as a child, and what they would change about their 40s and 50s.
Her approach is a twist on something called “life review”, where people systematically reflect on their past, through conversations or in writing, to identify character strengths and develop self-awareness and acceptance. The process can occur both with a partner or in small groups, and it typically unfolds in six to 10 weekly sessions.
Life review arose in the 1960s to help people at the end of their lives articulate and make peace with their legacies. But new research suggests that the process of reflecting on previous experiences has value for people at all ages, including young adults and bereaved children. Actress and activist Jane Fonda, now 86, spent her 59th year conducting a life review that helped her recognise patterns and cultivate confidence.
“It’s not only looking back,” said Gerben Westerhof, department chair in psychology, health and technology at the University of Twente in the Netherlands, “but also looking forward at who you are. What could be the next chapter of your life?”
In the 1950s, Erik Erikson, an influential child psychoanalyst, published his theory that each stage of life is associated with a specific psychic challenge. The work of toddlerhood, for example, is to gain autonomy. The goal of young adulthood is to develop intimacy with others. Old age, he posited, is the time to gather one’s life experiences into a coherent narrative — what Erikson called integration. Those who fail, he wrote, risk falling into despair.
Dr Robert Butler, the first director of the National Institute on Aging in the US, built on Erikson’s concept. For older people who get stuck on regrets or disappointments, Dr Butler proposed something called life review therapy.
“As people get older and they retire, sometimes they lose a sense of purpose,” said Juliette Shellman, an associate professor at the University of Connecticut School of Nursing in the US. Life review, she explained, can give people “the opportunity to sit back and look at their accomplishments”.
A traditional life review unfolds through one-on-one or group conversations with a therapist or facilitator who helps people explore their childhood, their teenage years and later life stages. The facilitator asks questions designed to prompt reflection, such as “Do you remember your first attraction to another person?” and “What pieces of wisdom would you like to hand down to the next generation?”
The facilitator’s role is to build trust, offer interest and try to reframe difficult passages in a more positive light, said Shellman, who also serves as director of the university’s International Center for Life Story Innovations and Practice. For example, a facilitator might help someone who experienced the death of a child explore the positive memories amid the tragedy.
The process begins by listening “in an appreciative way”, Westerhof wrote in an email. “Next we make offers for alternative views,” he explained, but the life reviewer has to determine whether those views are appropriate.
One of the most popular forms of life review is guided autobiography, whereby weekly sessions are organised thematically rather than chronologically — things such as family, money, work, health. Each week, the facilitator preps participants for the following week’s theme. Participants pen brief autobiographical vignettes between sessions and read them aloud to one another.
Writing your story and having people hear it can be powerful, said Cheryl Svensson, director of the Birren Center for Autobiographical Studies.
NYTNS
